Portrait Of The Artist As Young Man Essays -

Portrait Of The Artist As Young Man Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man By: Valerie Gomez Stephen Dedalus, the main character in most of James Joyce's writings, is said to be a reflection of Joyce himself. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the reader follows Stephen as he develops from a young child into a young artist, overcoming many conflicts both internally and externally, and narrowly escaping a life long commitment to the clergy. Through Joyce's use of free indirect style, all of Stephen's speech, actions, and thoughts are filtered through the narrator of the story. However, since Joyce so strongly identifies with Stephen, his character's style and personality greatly influence the narrator. This use of free indirect style and stylistic contagion makes Joyce's use of descriptive language one of his most valuable tools in accurately depicting Stephen Dedalus's developing ideals of feminine beauty. As a very young child Stephen is taught to idealize the Virgin Mary for her purity and holiness. She is described to Stephen as "a tower of Ivory" and a "House of Gold" (p.35). Stephen takes this literally and becomes confused as to how these beautiful elements of ivory and gold could make up a human being. This confusion is important in that it shows Stephen's inability to grasp abstraction. He is a young child who does not yet understand how someone can say one thing and mean something else. This also explains his trouble in the future with solving the riddles and puzzles presented to him by his classmates at Clongowes. Stephen is very thoughtful and observant and looks for his own way to explain or rationalize the things that he does not understand. In this manner he can find those traits that he associates with the Blessed Mary in his protestant playmate Eileen. Her hands are "long and white and thin and cold and soft. That was ivory: a cold white thing. That was the meaning of Tower of Ivory" (p.36). "Her fair hair had streamed out behind her like gold in the sun" (p.43). To Stephen that is the meaning of House of Gold. He then attributes Eileen's ivory hands to the fact that she is a girl and generalized these traits to all females. This produces a major conflict for Stephen when his tutor, Dante, tells him not to play with Eileen because she is a Protestant and Protestants don't understand the Catholic faith and therefore will make a mockery of it. His ideas about women being unattainable are confirmed. The Virgin Mary is divine and therefore out of reach for mortals. Now Eileen, the human representation of the Blessed Mary, is out of reach as well because Stephen is not allowed to play with her. In chapter two an amazing transformation takes place in Stephen from a young innocent child who believes women are unattainable and who idealizes the Virgin Mary, into a young teen with awakening sexual desires. As Stephen matures into adolescence, he becomes increasingly aware of his sexuality, which at times is confusing to him. At the beginning of the second chapter in A Portrait, we find Stephen associating feminine beauty with the heroine Mercedes in Alexander Dumont Pere's The Count of Monte Cristo. "Outside Blackrock, on the road that led to the mountains, stood a small whitewashed house in the garden of which grew many rosebushes: and in this house, he told himself, another Mercedes lived....there appeared an image of himself, grown older and sadder, standing in a moonlit garden with Mercedes who had so many years before slighted his love..."(p. 62-3). These fantasies about Mercedes are the first real step for Stephen in challenging the church's view of women, but again he feels as though this image of women is out of his reach. She is a fictional character in a Romantic Adventure novel and he can only imagine himself with her. Although Mercedes may not be real, the feelings that Stephen has and the emotions she provokes in him are very real. "...As he brooded upon her image, a strange unrest crept into his blood." (p.64). "...but a premonition which led him on told him that this image would, without any overt act of his, encounter him... and in that moment of supreme tenderness he would be transfigured. He would fade into something impalpable under her eyes and then in a moment, he would be transfigured. Weakness and timidity and inexperience would fall from him that magic moment." (p.65). Stephen realizes that some transformation is going to take place,

The Suffix -strophe

The Suffix -strophe The Suffix -strophe The Suffix -strophe By Mark Nichol Do the words apostrophe and catastrophe have anything in common besides a couple of syllables? What, if anything, does a punctuation mark have to do with a disaster? The words, taken from Greek, share an element derived from the Greek verb strephein, which means â€Å"turn.† Apostrophe, meaning â€Å"turn from,† alludes to the fact that an apostrophe signals that one or more letters in a word have been omitted, or â€Å"turned away.† (The symbol later came to be used to identify possessives- and, erroneously, plurals, though some publications persist in the otherwise obsolete style of apostrophizing plural numerals, as in â€Å"That style went out in the 1950’s,† or abbreviations, as in â€Å"This rule applies to most M.D.’s.† The former style is unnecessary, and the latter approach is rendered unnecessary by simply eliminating periods from capitalized abbreviations.) Catastrophe, meanwhile, means â€Å"overturning,† and refers to a devastating reversal in fortune. (In Greek tragedy, the term applied to the turning point in a play.) Scholar and novelist J. R. R. Tolkien coined an antonym, eucatastrophe, to denote a â€Å"good turn,† or the point at which an unexpectedly favorable outcome occurs, though his coinage is obscure. The term peripeteia, meaning â€Å"turning point† (in English also referred to as peripety), already exists, but it can refer to either a positive or a negative event. (Although a deus ex machina- the term literally means â€Å"god from the machine† and refers to a plot point representing sudden intervention that produces a happy ending- is a form of eucatastrophe, the terms are not exact synonyms.) Several other words contain the element -strophe, which stems from strephein, or elements derived from it. The word strophe itself, and its antonym antistrophe, pertain to elements of Greek tragedy, referring to the part of an ode sung by a chorus while it is turning to face another direction (east to west and west to east, respectively); the concluding movement is called the epode (â€Å"sung after†). Strophe has also come to refer to a part of a poem with stanzas of various lengths, and in the classic Greek era an antistrophe was also a dance. The term boustrophedon, which literally means â€Å"turning an ox while plowing† (the first syllable is related to that of bovine), refers to ancient writing forms in which lines are alternately written left to right and right to left, as opposed to always from the same direction. Anastrophe, meanwhile, is an inversion of normal word order for literary effect, as in the phrase â€Å"forest primeval.† The prefix strepto- is seen in the New Latin term streptococcus, which refers to a type of bacteria with a twisted shape. (The name for the medical condition caused by this bacteria, strep throat, uses an abbreviated form of the term.) The words strap and strop, both referring to a band of leather or other material (and also used as verbs), are also derived from strephein. Check out our latest YouTube video, Prepositions: In vs. On Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?Captain vs. Master

Customer Relationship Management and Technology Essay

Customer Relationship Management and Technology - Essay Example In the same manner, they were also able to develop good relationships with their customers through the establishment of friendships and interactions. As a result, the retail industry revolves around the customer more than any other industry. Due to this, it is not enough to simply interact with the customers. Rather, they are expected to know them better These all changed, however with the growing chains and building malls and the continuous promotion of self-service. With these changes, more and more retailers have lost their contact with their customers. As a result, they are also simply losing the loyalty that the customers once entrusted upon them. Hence, more and more retailers are now trying to regain the loyalty they lost as they begin to value of their customers through programs incorporated within the idea of customer relationship management. Customer Relationship Management: An Overview Customer relationship management (CRM) can be defined as â€Å"a set of practices that provide a consolidated, integrated view of customers across all business areas to ensure that each customer receives the highest level of service† (Aryan Hellas Ltd. 2005). ... According to them, CRM involves the integration of marketing, sales, customer service, and the supply-chain functions of the organization to achieve greater efficiencies and effectiveness in delivering customer value. These definitions emphasise that CRM is a comprehensive set of strategies for managing relationships with customers that relate to the overall process of marketing, sales, service, and support within the organisation. The following are the important players who are essential to customer relationship management within the organization: 1. Customer Facing Operations – The people and the technology support of processes that significantly affects the experiences of the customers and the organization. These may include different kinds of media such as phone, IM, chat, email, web and even face to face interactions. 2. Internal Collaborative Functional Operations – these are the people and technology support of the processes at the back office. Their activities u sually affect the activities of those at the Customer Facing Operations which influence the establishment and maintenance of customer relationships. This usually includes: IT, billing, invoicing, maintenance, planning, marketing, advertising, finance, services planning and manufacturing. 3. External Collaboration Functions – These are the people and technology support of processes supporting a particular organization together with the enhancement of customer relationships which is then in turn, are affected by the organization’s relationship with their suppliers and/or vendors as well as other retailers outlets and/or distributors. This is considered the external network which supports the internal operations and customer facing operations. 4. Customer Advocates and

Short essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Short - Essay Example In the case of eligibility to get elected to the post, Texas House is far easier than US House to reach. First of all, the minimum age required to be elected to the Texas House is twenty-one years while that of the US House is twenty five years. In addition, while US House requires that a member should be a citizen of United States for the past seven years, for Texas House, it is 2 years. However, in the case of compensation, US House far outreach the Texas House. While the former gives an annual salary of $ 174, 000, the latter offers a meager amount of $ 600 per month, along with a per diem of $ 128, thus totaling to $ 17,920 per year, showing a ten times difference! In addition, other retirements heavily favor US House members In addition, the US House members enjoy a hefty pension, personal staff allowance, expense allowances, foreign travel allowance, and in addition, can make an income from outside employment that does not exceed 15% of their member pay. On the other hand, Texa ns receive a meager sum as salary. In the case of terms of service both seem similar in the fact that both are elected for two year terms and can get elected infinite number of times. However, in the case of Texas legislation, the number of regular session is 140 days to the maximum though the governor calls for special sessions which can go up to a maximum of 30 days (Texas House of Representatives). On the other hand, US House is considered full-time but sessions last six months or more, that starts in January and ends by the end of July. In total, it seems that though the US House members are in full-time job getting huge salaries and other benefits, they remain far away from their constituency, thus being unable to concentrate on the issues affecting the local people. On the other hand, though Texas house members get less salary and other benefits, they get ample opportunity to interact with the people, and thus, playing their role well. I would rather go for Texas House members hip as it gives the satisfaction of public service. 2 Both the Texas legislature and the US Congress are similar to a great extent in their structure, function, election and length of terms. However, a close look will reveal a huge difference in the pay of representatives and nature and duration of sessions. When the structure of both the legislatures is taken into consideration, one can find a lot of similarities, the first one being their bicameral nature. The US Congress is divided into two; the Senate and the House of Representatives with 100 members in the former and 435 members in the latter. Similarly, Texas legislature has a Senate with 31 members and a House of Representatives with 150 members. . One can find a lot of similarities in the nature of elections too. In both the cases, the term of each member is two years and the election to all the posts in the House of Representatives takes place every two years, in even-numbered years. However, there is difference in the elec tion of Senate members. Senate members of the Congress hold their office for six years, but one third of the seats come up for election every two years. On the other hand, the members in the Texas senate are divided into two groups and half of the seats come

Valuation of Companies: Strategies and Theories

Valuation of Companies: Strategies and Theories Part A The valuation of company assets depends a varies a great deal; attempts to find theoretical models that cover all of the aspects of a business valuation has proven difficult; as such, many of the major valuation theories have been proven to have both specific strengths and weaknesses. One of the core difficulties inherent to the great majority of theories available is the reliance on specific factors in their equations that remain subject to widespread debate as to how, precisely, they should be measured in order to attain the most accurate appraisal of a company’s given value. Many problems inherent to risk assessment and company valuation include: the weighting of future long-term assets versus short-term stock market value; the precise period from which historical data should be dated from; and how risk should be defined precisely. Of course, stock market appraisal is innately probabilistic, and the development of a coherent and foolproof theory for valuing company stock re mains very unlikely. There are, however, many strengths and weaknesses inherent to the myriad of hypotheses and models available to us. One of the most ambiguous factors inherent to theories of valuation is the prediction of future growth, known as a forecast horizon. The economic growth model, which will be described later, suggests that forecasted profit over a pre-specified horizon does not affect the value of the company as such, but affects the manner in which that value is distributed over the period of the horizon. Thus, the specific horizon period utilized can impact upon the perceived growth of the company. Of course, the horizon period can indirectly impact upon the perceived value of the company in DCF and economic growth forecasting models, especially if value is tied to changes in economic assumptions regarding the general future growth of the company and its continuing value. Of course, measuring the exact forecast period is not an exact science, but must take into account a number of factors if it is to provide us with an accurate view of the relationship between explicit free cash flow and continuing value. Firstly, the horizon period should be long enough to predict that the company’s growth period will be over at the end of it. Secondly, the horizon period shouldn’t be overly long as this will inevitably impact upon the predictive capacity of the theory. Of course, the length of the horizon period also impacts upon the Return on Invested Capital (ROIC), often because the horizon period is inappropriately equated to the competitive advantage of investment of a company. As such, ROIC is directly equated to levels of continuing value presupposed by the horizon period used in determining levels of continuing value as compared to the value of explicit cash flow. As Kollar et al. (2006) suggest, â€Å"the key value driver formula is based on incremental returns on capital, not companywide average returns. If you assume that incremental returns in the continuing-value period will just equal the cost of capital, you are not assuming that the return on total capital (old and new) will equal the cost of capital† (p. 283). Instead, original capital will continue to earn the same returns that were projected in the former period. Part B The attainment of the true value of a company based upon its position in the stock market is a difficult task, and many differing theories have been developed to come to terms with perceived valuation weaknesses in previous theories. This is especially prevalent today, as many recent problems, from the bubble bursting on the dot com revolution, to recent accounting scandals in large financial firms, have stressed the need for more rigorous methods of determining true value. One problem that management have had to encounter is the paradox of retaining short-term profits in a sustainable manner that can ensure long-term health of the company. The stock market obsession with factors such as the quarterly rate of return places emphasis on short-term profitability. One competing model, that takes into account assumed growth of the company, can be found in the many discounted cash flow (DCF) models that are being used more frequently as a result of the failings of simply using present rate of return to determine a company’s overall value. DCF models differ from economic profit models because they forecast the potential of future growth of the company and incorporate that into the present-day value of the company. As such, DCF models incorporate estimates of future growth into the present model; however, further analysis of the two competing models for determining company value suggest that, in theory at least, the results should create the same overall value. The economic profit model uses the theory of Alfred Marshall (1890), in which he suggests that â€Å"What remains of the owner’s profits after deducting interest on his capital at the current rate may be called his earnings of undertaking or management† (p. 142). As such, any perceived value created by the company should take into account the opportunity cost of the capital as well as expenses. As such, in many respects the economic profit model is more rigorous in measuring the present-day value of the company, because DCF determines free cash flow through measuring investments in capital and fixed assets. Of course, because the level of investment can be delayed by management, it is possible to generate short-term value at the expense of long-term value. In theory however, both models should produce the same results. Ultimately, DCF is useful for determining the price of an asset in the long run; as such, it provides one of the most useful tools for measuring the long-term profitability of an investment by factoring in future cash flow models. While the presence of short-term deviations in market value can be useful in certain contexts in determining value, many of the models practised are unreliable and unstable in practice. Fluctuations in short-term market value is difficult to measure with any degree of accuracy, whereas DCF models reflect the true value of a company more accurately as the model is based on the acquisition of long term profitability. Certainly, the role of strategic manager should be covered in the great majority of instances by the DCF model. As Koller et al. (2005) suggest, â€Å"What matters is the long-term behaviour of your company’s share price, not whether it is 5 or 10 percent undervalued this week. [†¦] Managers who use the DCF approach to valuation, wit h their focus on increasing long-term free cash flow, ultimately will be rewarded with higher share prices† (p. 100). Therefore, the predictive capacity of DCF can be used as an effective model for creating future growth, although its predictive methods and mechanisms can occasionally be doctored to create larger levels of short-term growth at the expense of long-term growth, as a result of the correlative relationship between investment levels and free cash flow in any valuation process. In addition, DCF relies heavily on projected scenarios; as Mauboussin (2006) comments, â€Å"small changes in assumptions [in the DCF model] can lead to large changes in the value† (p. 7). This requires the need for rigorous assessment of a large quantity of possible growth scenarios. Part C CAPM uses three variables for determining the expected return of a stock, which can furthermore be used to determine the expected value of a company. Unfortunately, despite CAPM providing us with a â€Å"tour-de-force† (Fama French 2004, p. 28) of theoretical analysis that can provide us with a useful series of principles by which central principles of asset pricing can be taught, its empirical record is poor enough, according to Fama French (2004), to â€Å"invalidate the way it is used in applications† (p. 1). The problems with CAPM are built upon a number of difficult foundational principles that, in practice, prove to be unrealistic. Firstly, the Sharpe – Lintner CAPM model (see Sharpe 1964, Lintner 1965) assumes the presence of unrestricted riskfree borrowing in their equations. Of course, this is an unrealistic assumption that severely affects predicting the empirical data. Modifications by Black (1972) attempt to remedy this by creating effective asset v aluations based on risk modelling; but Black’s analysis merely suggests that unrestricted short selling, rather than unrestricted riskfree lending, is a central assumption, and proves equally false in practice. The use of CAPM is therefore encumbered by a number of weaknesses, and relies on a number of assumptions that, in practice, prove difficult to measure. These include difficulties in ascertaining precisely which risk-free rate should be used in particular circumstances, as well as difficulties in measuring the market risk premium and beta. A number of alternative models of determining company value based on risk assessment exist, all of which rely on a fundamentally different definition of risk itself. While CAPM defines a stock’s risk as its sensitivity to the stock market on the whole, other systems use more rarefied versions of risk assessment: the Fama-French three factor model, for example, defines risk in terms of sensitivity to three portfolios: the stock market, a portfolio based on book-to-market ratios and a portfolio based on firm size. Whether the Fama-French three factor model is a better system than the CAPM system remains to be seen; while it is widely held that the Fama-French model offers us a more comprehensive assessment of risk to value than CAPM, which does not rely on the assessment of other portfolios, many critics also state that the Fama-French model is subject to the same interpretative problems as the CAPM system – namely, the Fama-French model, like CAPM, does not state how muc h data should be used; this is especially important considering that the system is based on historical evidence. As Koller et al. (2005) suggest, â€Å"Since 1926, small companies have outperformed large companies, but since 1982, they have not† (323). The lack of a rigorous method for determining how far back the data related to regressed returns should go creates many inconsistencies in risk assessment and valuation, such as the one highlighted above. Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) offers us a model similar to the Fama-French model but more generalised in its practice. Of course, while it suffers from the same fundamental implementation-related weaknesses as other models, although it differs insofar as it factors into its central equation the actual return of a security, which is fully specified. While theoretically this model is successful, again it reveals many weaknesses in determining the overall value of a company based on the assessment of portfolio risk: implementation and application of the theory has seldom been presented because of the more generalised nature of the variables and the factors in the central equation; in practice, there has been little agreement on what these factors should be, how many there should be, and how these factors should be weighted and measured. As such, CAPM retains its validity despite its essential weaknesses as, some economists argue, it represents the â€Å"least worst† model for de fining risk. As Koller et al. (2005) suggest, â€Å"It takes a better theory to kill an existing theory, and we have yet to see the better theory. Therefore, we continue to use the CAPM while keeping a watchful eye on new research in the area† (324). Bibliography Brealey, R. A. Myers, S. C. (2003), Principles Of Corporate Finance, 7th ed., London: McGraw-Hill. Koller, T., Goedhart, M., Wessels, D. et al. (2005), Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies, London: John Wiley and Sons. Lintner, J. (1965), â€Å"The Valuation of Risk Assets and The Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets.† Review of Economics and Statistics. 47:1, pp. 13-37. Marshall, A. (1890), Principles of Economics, Vol. 1, New York: MacMillan Co. Mouboussin, M. J. (2006), â€Å"Common Errors in DCF Models†, Legg Mason Capital Management. Sharpe, W. F. (1964), â€Å"Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk†. Journal of Financial Economics, 10:3, pp. 237-68.

Purpose of Oral Hygiene in Conjunction with Chlorhexidine :: Nursing

Purpose of Oral Hygiene in Conjunction with Chlorhexidine Evidence- Based Practice Proposal The basis for the proposal is ventilator-associated pneumonia’s (VAP) occurrence can potentially be controlled by cautious consideration to the process of oral hygiene, where routine oral hygiene versus oral hygiene in conjunction with chlorhexidine (CHX) are examined to make sure the ideal outcomes for these patients occur. Background A ventilator- associated pneumonia (VAP) is a critical contamination preventable by a multitude of prevention strategies aimed at the care process. Pneumonia is an infectious disease of the organs of the lungs, with the ventilator as a device that facilitates patient respirations by providing oxygen through a tube. The tube can be located in a patient’s mouth, nose, or through a hole in the front of the neck, with the tube attached to the ventilator. Therefore, a VAP is pulmonary pathogenic infectivity that cultivates in a ventilator patient (CDC, 2010). Problem Statement A multitude of risk factors for VAP have been recognized with one of the risk factors as the colonization of the oral cavity by probable pathogens. After 2 days of entering the intensive care unit (ICU), seriously ill patient’s oral flora changes to mainly gram-negative inhabitants including more powerful organisms. Dental plaque offers an environment for microbes at fault for VAP, and probable pulmonary pathogens can colonize this plaque specifically of patients in the ICU (Munro et al., 2009). For the most part, there exist 2 approaches of intervention to eradicate the microbes on the dental plaque in critically ill patients: mechanical intervention and direct pharmacological. Even though mechanical elimination may be a successful approach for removal of oral pathogens, oral hygiene is deemed standard nursing care, often uncared for in critically ill patients or is performed by rapidly swabbing the patient’s oral cavity (Pedreira et al., 2009). Significance of Problem VAP is preventable with oral hygiene as one of the multitude of vital prevention strategies for VAP. VAP is significant because 15 % of all infectivity borne at the hospital and nearly 1/3 of all infectivity obtained in the ICU is VAP. Institutional fatality of VAP in ventilated patients is 46% measured up to 32% for ventilated patients who do not contract VAP. VAP extends ICU and hospital stay, totaling an extra $40,000 to the admission. VAP is the principal source of mortality of hospital associated infections (Pyrek, 2010). Target Population, Target Setting, Clinical Question, Objective The target population is the dependent adult oral care ventilator population susceptible to VAP.

Using Mooc to Improve Rural Education

* Using MOOC to upgrade Education in Rural Areas UNISA has made distance learning a common practise in South Africa. It's position is entrenched more so after the 2004 merger with Technikon RSA. The next evolution in distance learning beyond e-learning or computer-based training is Massive Open Online Courses or MOOC. This is made possible with the pervasiveness of broadband Internet.MOOC is a virtual delivery model that allows participation in learning activities at convenient places and times,rather than forcing students into set time frames; blended learning, which can facilitate widespread, often global collaboration with other students and teams of specialized instructors (Bujak,K,R, et al, 2012). Recently we enrolled for three modules on Coursera. org. The initial appeal to using this platform was the flexible time schedules and immediate access via the Internet. We've already opted out of one and there was no real downside because there was no financial commitment in contrast to traditional universities. Benefits for Teaching E-learning has been around since the earliest stages of the Internet. It is well know the origins of this global inter-connected network began in the military and expanded quickly into academic research facilities in the US before becoming available to the general public in the 1990s. Expanding access to and the availability of e-learning programmes for students, teachers and government is an important step in furthering continental development and growth (Rupp, 2012).Even though Rupp (2012) points out the availability of e-learning technologies provides expanded opportunities for countries in Africa to make education available to their whole population. Clearly these same information and communication technologies (ICTs) allow students from the rural or remote areas to access opportunities for scholarships to academic institutions they may not otherwise have identified. * Benefits for Learning MOOC introduces students to a new type of experience called â€Å"Blended Learning† by Bujak,K,R, et al. (2012). It combines face-to-face interactions with communication enabled by ICTs.A key consideration is that ICTs compliment not replace traditional pedagogy. Whereas e-learning was online only experience, more blending the online and offline experience takes shape in self organised groups meeting similar to traditional self organised groups of students who attend the same campus, except this takes place even easier in the virtual world. Initial research suggests that students are not only accepting blended learning approaches, but also they are improving learning outcomes. * Conclusion Two challenges reduce the adoption of MOOC.Firstly they do not lead to a widely recognized credentials and workable revenue models are not available at present (King, J. W. & Nanfito, M. 2012). Until both are addressed by institutions and investors in the platforms, MOOC, may be a blip on the radar and future of online learning solutions. Even though MOOC have caused well established institutions from UCT in South Africa and MIT in United States to invest resources, clear impact in Africa continent remain limited. One segment that stands the most to gain, are people who do not gain entry to traditional universities for reasons financial or otherwise.Internet literacy will delay the adoption further among the rest of the population in Africa irrespective of the availability of broadband Internet. As with all technological innovations MOOC will take a number a few years before we know whether it is viable platform or not. * Reference Bujak,K,R, Baker, P. , & DeMillo, R. (2012) The University: Disruptive Change and Institutional Innovation Centre for 21st Century Universities. Paper number 22012. Available online: http://c21u. gatech. edu/sites/default/files/u21/C21U_22012__University. pdf [03 December 2012] Rupp, S. 2012) Technology, e-learning and education in Africa. In Consultancy Africa Intelligence. Av ailable online http://tinyurl. com/9dul5he [04 December 2012] King, J. W. & Nanfito, M. (2012) To MOOC or Not to MOOC? Available online: http://www. insidehighered. com/views/2012/11/29/essay-challenges-posed-moocs-liberal-arts-colleges [05 December 2012] Koutropoulos, A. & Hogue, R. J. (2012). How to Succeed in a MOOC. Available online: http://www. cedma-europe. org/newsletter%20articles/eLearning%20Guild/How%20to%20Succeed%20in%20a%20MOOC%20-%20Massive%20Online%20Open%20Course%20(Oct%2012). pdf [05 December 2012]